2025-2026 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 12: Retina and Vitreous

by Stephen J. Kim (Author)

Section 12 of the Academy’s Basic and Clinical Science Course™ (BCSC®) is arranged into three parts. Part one begins with an overview of the retina and its relationship to the pigment epithelium, choroid and vitreous, plus discusses the major retinal disorders and their appropriate diagnostic methods and treatment principles.

Section 12 of the BCSC, part two covers specific diseases and trauma to the posterior segment and provides appropriate diagnostic techniques, plus reviews vitreoretinal diseases and management and therapy of retinal diseases.

Part three provides key knowledge about cryotherapy for posterior segment diseases and includes select therapeutic topics, plus laser therapy and vitreoretinal surgery. A chapter on gene therapy covers the common types of DNA therapy: gene augmentation, optogenetics, and genome editing.

This section features 29 videos (sample), including videos on diagnostic B-scan ultrasonography and common vitreoretinal procedures. More than 175 figures, illustrations, photos, and ten interactive activities are included to aid your understanding. Both print and eBook users can access the videos and animations.

Upon completion of Section 12, readers should be able to:

• Select appropriate methods of examination and ancillary studies for the diagnosis of vitreoretinal disorders
• Describe the principles of medical and surgical treatment of vitreoretinal disorders
• Incorporate data from major prospective clinical trials in the management of selected vitreoretinal disorders

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